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Start the conversation

Talking to your doctor about vaccines

If a medical professional is recommending a treatment for you or your child, you have the right to ask questions. Informed consent is impossible if you don't fully understand the risks and benefits. 


Vaccines are not always easy to discuss, but we owe it to our children to make sure we understand the implications of any medical procedure, vaccines included. 


Your doctor has the same goal as you: a healthy, happy child. Hopefully they will be willing to talk about vaccines with you. A mutually warm and respectful working relationship is in everyone’s best interest. 


Even if you decide against a face-to-face discussion, you may find the information below useful. 

Smiling baby
Meadow

All patients have the right to be listened to, and to be given the information they need to make a decision and the time and support they need to understand it.


General Medical Council, UK

Some background knowledge

It may be useful to review and digest the information below, before speaking to your doctor.

  

You can also dig deeper with the resources listed in our Learning Library. 

You don’t have to follow the NHS vaccine schedule

The NHS vaccine schedule is advisory and based on UK Health Security Agency guidance.  


‘Vaccines are not mandatory in the UK and they cannot be given without your consent.’ 


Source: NHS https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/booking-your-childs-vaccination-appointment/  

You don’t have to discuss vaccines with your doctor, or inform them of your decisions about vaccines

You are not obliged to respond to any invitations for vaccination from the NHS.  


However, some parents/carers may receive further communications. 


National Institute for Care and Health Excellence (NICE) guidance for the NHS states: 


‘Consider a multidisciplinary approach to address any issues raised, involving other relevant health and social care practitioners such as health visitors, social workers or key workers, while respecting the person’s decision if they refuse vaccination.’ 


You may therefore feel that a face-to-face conversation with your doctor is needed, and useful for avoiding further unnecessary communications. 


Everybody's circumstances are different, so you must decide whether or not a face-to-face conversation with your doctor is right for you. At Informing Consent, we welcome more dialogue between doctors and the general public about vaccines. 


The talking points suggested below may be very useful when discussing vaccines with healthcare providers. 


Whatever you decide with regard to your child’s vaccines, you may wish to inform your doctor’s surgery of your decision, for accurate record-keeping.

There is published guidance around informed medical consent

From the GMC (General Medical Council):

 

‘This guidance explains that the exchange of information between medical professionals and patient is essential to good decision making. Serious harm can result if patients are not listened to, or if they are not given the information they need – and time and support to understand it – so they can make informed decisions about their care.’ 


The guidance includes seven principles of decision making and consent. 

Learn more

Doctors are incentivised to give vaccines, and have targets to meet

A practising GP from England tells us: 


‘QOF (Quality and Outcomes Framework) is a voluntary annual reward and incentive programme for GP practices. 


It’s technically an optional part of the GP contract, but it’s where a large proportion of our income comes from so it’s pretty much universal across England. 


The rules change every financial year. Currently, with regard to childhood vaccinations, there is a lower target of 90%. Fall below this and you won’t get any points, or any payment. The upper target is 96%, to achieve the full payment.

 

It’s changed this year so that if you improve uptake by at least 5% you can achieve the lower payment threshold.

 

You can’t exclude a child due to no consent.

 

It's a substantial amount of income to lose...hence the pressure. 


It's not just financial though...bodies like CQC (Care Quality Commission) will look at these figures and may decide to investigate a practice that is an outlier.’

If you are injured by a vaccine, you can apply for the UK Government Vaccine Damage Payment

This is a one-off tax-free payment of £120,000. You must be ‘at least 60% disabled’ to qualify. 


‘Vaccine Damage Payments are not a compensation scheme. You can still take legal action to claim compensation, even if you get a Vaccine Damage Payment.’ 


Source: Gov.uk https://www.gov.uk/vaccine-damage-payment

Ready to talk? Prepare for the conversation

Notepad and pen

  • Take a list of questions that you want to ask (we’ve made some suggestions below). 


  • Take a pen and paper, to make notes – or record the meeting, if you have the consent of all attendees. 


  • Attend without your child, so that you are not distracted or pressured to make a decision there and then. 


  • Attend with another adult – your partner, a family member or friend – so that you can discuss it with them afterwards. 

Unlike doctors, who can appeal to their credentials, I do not get to just say, “trust me.” I need to prove claims I assert with real data. Real proof.


Aaron Siri, lawyer and author of Vaccines, Amen

Grass and tree

Possible questions/conversation-starters for your doctor

You may not have time to ask all of these questions, and you may not want to. We offer them here as suggestions for you to review, choose from and adapt as you see fit.

I want to make sure I fully understand the risks and benefits of [vaccine name], and that I’m giving informed consent, in line with medical ethics. Can you help? 


I’m researching [vaccine name]. What information can you give me about safety and efficacy? 


Please can I have a copy of the Patient Information Leaflet? 


Can you talk me through the list of ingredients for the vaccine – do they have potential side-effects? 


Will this vaccine stop my child from getting the illness? Will it stop them from passing it on? Or is it only intended to reduce symptoms? 


How long will the vaccine offer protection to my child? For life/for a few years? 


Can you explain to me the mechanism by which this vaccine works, and how it protects against the condition for which it is being administered? 


Can you tell me how many adverse events have been recorded for this vaccine? 


Where can I find the trial data or safety study for this vaccine? 


What is the risk to my child of the disease, should they catch it? 


Do you know how many cases of this disease have been reported in the UK for the last five years? If not, do you know where I can find that data? 


Do you know how many cases of this disease were reported in the UK in the five years before the vaccine became available? If not, do you know where I can find that data?  


Vaccines are often given at the same time as other vaccines – is there any safety research supporting this approach?  


Would you support me giving my child a reduced number of vaccines, and/or spacing them out? 


Are you or your practice incentivised to give childhood vaccines? Do you have rewards, targets or penalties? 

What next?

Father and child hugging and laughing

If your doctor will not answer your questions, or does not answer them to your satisfaction, then you may feel unable to give informed consent.  


You might request that a note is added to your medical file to say that a discussion has taken place, and informed consent was not possible at that time (if that is your conclusion).  


You could tell them that you need more time, and want to do more research, before making a final decision. 


It is your decision. Your child: your choice. 


You may like to support your research with further reading.

Gillick Competence

Older children and informed consent

Parents of older children should be aware of Gillick Competence, particularly when vaccines are administered at school.  


Gillick Competence was ruled by the Supreme Court in Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1985] UKHL 7  


The judgment states that: ‘Only in exceptional cases does the guidance contemplate [the doctor] exercising his clinical judgment without the parent’s knowledge and consent.’ (per Lord Scarman at paragraph 181) 


This exceptional nature is not always made clear, however. The NHS states: 


‘Children under the age of 16 can consent to their own treatment if they're believed to have enough intelligence, competence and understanding to fully appreciate what's involved in their treatment. This is known as being Gillick competent.’ 


Source: NHS https://www.nhs.uk/tests-and-treatments/consent-to-treatment/children  


The UK Medical Freedom Alliance has spoken out about the risks of schools being used to deliver vaccines. The NHS is also contacting young teenagers directly, excluding their parents from medical decisions. 


‘Medical discussions, decisions and interventions for children must revert to the privacy of a consultation with their own GP or Practice Nurse. A child should always be accompanied by a parent,  the healthcare professional should follow a proper process of informed consent, discussing risks and benefits in an open and non-coercive way, and the decision made by parents (with or without input from the child) should be accepted and respected.’ 


UK Medical Freedom Alliance 


Parents and carers may choose to be particularly clear about their wishes regarding vaccination – for example, by writing a letter (see below) to be kept in their child’s school or medical file.  


It is also important to discuss informed consent with our children as they get older, and to share what we learn with them, so they understand our decisions and are equipped to make their own.

Group of teenage girls laughing

Template letter to schools regarding vaccination

General vaccine refusal letter final (docx)

Download

Your Child: Your Choice

Absolute and Relative Risk – do you know the difference?

When considering a medical procedure, most of us want to know the potential risks versus the expected benefits. This is a critical part of the decision to give (or withhold) consent. 


However, risk can be presented in two ways: Absolute Risk and Relative Risk. Understanding the difference is essential. 


We can present the same risk as 50% or just 1%, depending on how the data is calculated. Professor Norman Fenton gives a clear explanation in this short video.   


Another example is the Pfizer Covid vaccine trial data, which showed it to be both 95% and 0.7% effective – depending on how you looked at the data. This 2021 explainer from Safer to Wait shows how that was possible (see below). 


Medical practitioners should know the difference between Absolute and Relative Risk – but you may want to check this during any discussions. When people start talking in percentages, make sure you ask to see the actual numbers involved. 

95 or 0.7 (pdf)

Download

Page last reviewed: June 2026

Please note: this website is for information only. It is not a replacement for advice from your primary healthcare provider, and it is not legal advice. 


Please consult your healthcare provider before making any changes to medication, diet or lifestyle.


The views of the individuals featured on this website are not necessarily the views of Informing Consent. However, we are united in our efforts to protect children's health.      


Copyright © 2026 Informing Consent - All Rights Reserved.

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